Australias System of Democracy - 857 Words

In reference to the Australia’s system of democracy, the pluralist theory of the state portrays the distribution of political power accurately in comparison to its rival theories, being Marxism and elitism. However, the theory faces certain limitations within the Australian political system. In order to thoroughly answer the question I will firstly start off by stating what the theory of pluralism entails by discussing the pluralist views of power. Secondly, I will highlight the characteristics of pluralism within Australia’s democratic society and prevalence of such characteristics to the distribution of political power in Australia. Thirdly I will discuss the major limitations and critiques of the pluralist theory to the distribution of political power in Australia. I will then conclude with the role that pluralism is likely to play in the distribution of power within Australia’s political future. Firstly, what’s pluralism? â€Å"Pluralism, in political science, is the view that in liberal democracies power is (or should be) dispersed among a variety of economic and ideological pressure groups and is not (or should not be) held by a single elite or group of elites†. [Britannica] Pluralism received added global attention in the 1960’s, due to the work of Robert Dahl, an American political scientist. Dahl linked the pluralist theory to what is known as the First face of power in which: â€Å"A has power over B to the extent that he can get B to do something that B would notShow MoreRelatedAustralia s Parliamentary Democracy And If It Is Effective1287 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernmental system. Australia is known as a federation, a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy all in one. As a result, Australia has a queen, who resides in the United Kingdom, but is represented by a Governor-General in Australia. Following, a Prime Minister governs the country. In addition, there is a two-chamber Commonwealth Parliament that makes the laws. This diverse government is often referred to as the Westminster System. The goal of this paper is to examine Australia’s representativeRead MoreAustralia Case Study851 Words   |  4 Pagesinternational ly. These three aspects are crucial and considered Australia’s key national interests due to their importance and essential benefits. Defence can support and aid us in recovery when we face unpredictable events of adversity. Our liberal democracy demonstrates a strong belief and core system which allows Australians to have political and economic freedom whilst having an approach to international affairs. Australia’s liberal democracy is also strongly linked to and requires a stable and resourcefulRead MoreDictatorship And The Concept Of Good Government1221 Words   |  5 Pagesmagistrate’ from Latin ) is a form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations , and is often stood in direct contrast to the government form of democracy (literally, ‘rule by the people’ from Latin ), a system of government in which all the people of a state... are involved in making decisions about its affairs, typically by voting to elect representatives to a parliament or similar assembly. ‘Good government’ is the descriptionRead MoreThe Importance Of Voting For A Candidate For Office1667 Words   |  7 Pagesin government. Every Australian citizen who is aged 18 years or more can vote in a federal election if validly enrolled and not disqualified from voting. Political participation is the basis of democracy and a vital part of the ‘right to vote’. Australia’s constitution has framed the progressive democracy Australia has become, however there is debate on the derivation of this right to vote and on the extent of the protection of that right. The right is not constitutional at all, instead being governedRead MoreAustralias Involvement in the Vietnam War Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesAustralia’s involvement in the Vietnam War was a result of a combined fear of communism and the fall of freedom from danger in Australian democracy and society. The growing web of communism saw the fall of many countries closing in on Australia an d New Zealand, and it was believed Robert Menzies’ government that they would find communism at Australia’s shores. Australians were anti-communist during the Vietnam War; due to a level of hype that the society, the media, and the government were exposedRead MoreAustralia s Constitutional Democracy And The Federal System1750 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout this essay, a comparison of both Australia’s constitutional democracy and the federal republic system in the United States will take place. Australia and the United States are both a part of the federal system. Within the federal system, the national and state governments divide the power in order to govern (Parliamentary Education Office, 2016). Both Australia and the United States have two chambers, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Parliament Education office, (2016) statesRead MoreGender Equality In The Role Of Women And Swedens Government1019 Words   |  5 Pageshold 152 of the 349 seats established for their lower or single house and Australia’s women hold 43 of the 150 seats. A key aspect to think about is why do these two countries vary exponentially in terms of their ranking of seats held by women in the parliament? Australian’s women in parliament hold 28.7 percent whereas, Sweden’s’ hold 43.6 percent (UN Women 2017). In this paper, I show the various aspects in which Australia’s and Sweden’s government, as well as their progressive gender policies, differRead MoreGlobal Economic Expansion Of Indonesia1536 Words   |  7 Pagesyears following an unruly parliamentary democracy, General of the Army’s Strategic Reserves, General Suharto began to take the reins of power in his own hand. Suharto was appointed president from 1967 until 1998 and ruled Indonesia with his New Order government. He was well respected in his position until a severe financial crisis struck the country. Although Suharto helped to modernize Indonesia into the 20th century, the failing economy and call for democracy finally forced him to resign in 1998Read MoreHistory Of In donesias First President1464 Words   |  6 Pagesyears following an unruly parliamentary democracy, General of the Army’s Strategic Reserves, General Suharto began to take the reins of power in his own hand. Suharto was appointed president from 1967 until 1998 and ruled Indonesia with his New Order government. He was well respected in his position until a severe financial crisis struck the country. Although Suharto helped to modernize Indonesia into the 20th century, the failing economy and call for democracy finally forced him to resign in 1998Read MoreThe Legal System Of Australia970 Words   |  4 PagesRights in Australia There is a great debate that has been raging in Australia for a long time on whether the Australian legal system adequately protects and enforces individual rights. Those who argues that additional protection is needed push for the creation of a Bill of Rights, a document that contains a formal list of the rights of a citizen in a society which the society regards as being fundamentally to its citizens. On the other hand, some argues that the current Constitution in Australia

Multiculturalism in America A Modern Day Interpretation

Multiculturalism in America: A Modern Day Interpretation In America, people are born and raised to believe that this country was founded on human rights such as life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. In reality these rights were not always accessible for minorities in United States. Minorities in America have had to overcome obstacles including being treated as second class citizens. Multiculturalism has existed alongside the history of America ever since the setters migrated to the new world. People have always migrated to this country for thousands of years moving into different habitats and spreading their influences over one another the mixing of different cultures has resulted in many different outcomes depending on their situation. Multiculturalism, once a radical idea in America, has risen through time to promote peace and equal coexistence for Americans. In order for a society to be great, it needs to promote and encourage the fair treatment of everyone equally. All of this can be accomplished with the once radical idea of multiculturalism is a belief that encourages the settlement of communities that contain different aspects of cultural behaviors and thinking. Throughout the history of the United States, the concept of different cultures interacting with each other has affected what has become modern America. In America, the flow of continuous mass immigration has greatly contributed to the economy, political atmosphere, and the demographics of the country.Show MoreRelatedMulticultural Conflict Can Have A Positive Or Negative Effect On Interpersonal Relations1610 Words   |  7 Pagescan also include nationalities, ethnicities, religions, sexual orientation, and gender. It is through being indifferent that often people with various multicultural differences may begin to experience conflict, as many people continue about their day -to-day activities without regard to the multicultural diversities around them. Intolerance, of course, leads to acts of hate being committed against those who may be seen as â€Å"different† or â€Å"dissident† towards another’s way of life. There have been manyRead MoreThe Power Of A Society s Justice System1581 Words   |  7 Pagesmolds their social context, dictating the terms of routine conduct: the acceptable and the punishable. However, the power of a society’s justice system goes beyond codified law into the ideological and social. The supreme law of the United States of America may be codified within its Constitution, but its strength derives from the process of internalizing and reflecting its values. Values embedded within the Constitution, like freedom and equality, are perpetuated through institutions which then surpassRead More The Success of Judaism Essay2122 Words   |  9 Pagesin response to the pressures of modernity. Judaism has endured the challenges imposed upon it, by its ability to preserve deep-rooted traditions of the past. It is through maintaining customs from preceding times that defines the foundations of modern day Jewish practice, be it through observance, prayer or habit. In combination to this, its capacity to be versatile and incorporate outside influence has served to maintain its popularity as a major world faith. In order to continue its future religiousRead MoreAnti Black Racism And The Black Experience2147 Words   |  9 Pagesnature of Anti-Black Racism in our institutions, and collective psyche. The roots and manifestations of Anti-Black racism can be traced far back in western history and cultural practice. Needless to say its continuing impact and repercussions in our modern day public, private, Judaeo-Christian and social institutions and practices, while perhaps, not always understood or openly acknowledged, is undeniable and profound. Policing and police oversight institutions and practices are not excluded from thisRead More Dynamics of Change in International Relations Essay1878 Words   |  8 Pagesvarious constant waves of migration throughout history2. I will look at how past and modern flows compare and their effects on global society. There are two main issues around migration: firstly how states can control and regulate migration levels. States are after all sovereign and reserve the right to be able to choose who to allow in and out of its boundaries. The second issue that has come about in the modern era is how to deal with the minority communities that migrants form within host statesRead MoreAustralia and Oceania.2798 Words   |  12 Pageseconomic supremacy and political hegemony (North America) or others for profound and radical transformations in the recent years (Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union). Due to the macro-scale of analysis, the most important criterion is general functionally; the uniqueness and homogeneity come second. The typology of main regions of the world is based on a macro-economic indicator, GDP per capita, that sets apart eight regions: North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, Western Europe, Eastern EuropeRead MorePsychoanalysis and Sigmund Freud2808 Words   |  11 Pagesand how this impacts on the psychoanalysis approach. However, before that can be done, one will need to provide the reader with insight on what psychoanalysis is. The psychoanalysis approach deals with improving disorders that interfere with the day to day function of an individual. Therapists who make use of this approach focus mainly on the individual’s developmental history (Ivey, 1997) and the unconscious of the client in order to reach a point at which the client is able to function effectivelyRead MoreWorld Religion5936 Words   |  24 Pagessome of the ways indigenous religions have expressed themselves artistically? 4. Explain the â€Å"ethic of restraint† regarding nature that is frequently found in native religions. Group B 1. Describe some of the factors that have contributed to the modern study of indigenous religions? 2. Why are human relationships with nature crucial for tribal and small-scale cultures? 3. Explain key features of the animistic worldview. 4. What is sacred space and what is its relationship to the center? GroupRead MoreLee Daniels The Butler3535 Words   |  15 Pagesspecial concentration on the civil rights era. With the White House segments of the film starting in the oppressive Eisenhower years, it offers a presidential level insight into the historic freedom movements of the 1960’s, all the way through until the day that Barack Obama is elected president in 2008. I am going to argue that Daniels’ representation of history and race are much more than a ‘parody of historical drama’, as he defies the ‘conventional’ stereotypes of Hollywood (Martin 2013) through theRead MoreInfluence Of Western Customs Of Wedding Essay9329 Words   |  38 Pagesextravagant expenses and, again, the Qur an informs us that one who spends without due care is the brother of Shaytan (Qur anic Ayah: Al Israa 26, 27). b) Dressing, Expenditure and Marriage Festivals based on Sunna Extravagance expenditure shown at modern weddings within our community is far from the spirit of the first community and emphasises how remote we are from the Sunnah of the Prophet (Buhari). For instance, the matters of fathers giving the bride gifts of money or property, or paying for an

Discrimination By John Rawls And The Black Veil Of Ignorance

Discrimination has been an ongoing social issue throughout history and is still a concern today. To help eliminate this social issue, John Rawls offer a resolution on how to deal with discrimination. Rawls fails to address how to prevent biased individuals from interacting with political institutions that have been designed to be equal for everyone, therefore, making his theory unable to provide guidance to policymakers or citizens on how to eradicate discrimination. Rawls theory is known as the original position. He proposes that if we were in a position where we had to design a set of social, political and economic institutions from scratch, what kind of society would we have reason to want? (D’Arcy 2016, Lecture 2). Even though Rawls does not discuss discrimination and injustice head on, he briefly mentions a well-ordered society wouldn’t run into this social harm if they were to distribute fundamental rights, liberties and social goods behind a veil of ignorance. Rawls message ‘behind the veil of ignorance’ is he wants us to worry most about â€Å"the least advantaged† so he designs the original position in such a way that we imagine that the least advantaged could be us (D’Arcy 2016, Lecture 1 and 2). In the original position, Rawls stipulates when designing a fair society, we should be impartial to one’s own race, gender, etc. and consider everyone equal when determining basic political, soci al and economic institutions (D’Arcy 2016, Lecture 2). His idea assumesShow MoreRelatedCase Analysis : Plainfield Healthcare Center Essay1455 Words   |  6 PagesB. Introduction to the case The case is about Plainfield Healthcare Center, is a nursing home in Indiana that cares for an elderly women with frail health. The center has a black certified nurse name Brenda Chaney who works diligently every single day for her assigned patients. All nurse in the center have a duty to keep records of the patients’ conditions and any special request from them. In accordance with the Indiana state law where the nursing home has to accommodate any patient who had decidedRead MoreLiberty in the History of America Essay2150 Words   |  9 Pagesforward over a hundred years later, and John Rawls lived in a time were the conversation on equality and justice were major political issues. Rawls proposed a brand new way of looking at concepts of equality and justice and how to define them. The idea of liberty has played a significant role throughout the history of America, however how it is defined and what its implications are have changed from the Puritans, to Tocqueville and fina lly with John Rawls. The Puritans came to the New World in theRead Moreethical decision making16006 Words   |  65 Pagesthe greatest good (happiness) for the greatest number. A corollary to this notion would be that the best action is the one that causes the least harm to the fewest people. The philosopher cited most frequently as a proponent of utilitarianism is John Stuart Mill (1806–1873). To a utilitarian, the important thing is not so much your good will toward others, but rather the consequences that result from your action. (Utilitarianism is also known as consequentialism.) Determining which action toRead MoreThe Stakeholder Theory11680 Words   |  47 Pagesinput-output perspective is highlighted by the con- 68 Academy of Management Review January trasting models displayed in Figures 1 and 2. In Figure 1, investors, employees, and suppliers are depicted as contributing inputs, which the black box of the firm transforms into outputs for the benefit of customers. To be sure, each contributor of inputs expects to receive appropriate compensation, but the liberal economics, or Adam Smith interpretation, of this model in long-run equilibrium

Karl Marx And Adam Smith Essay Example For Students

Karl Marx And Adam Smith Essay Adam Smith, (1776), of the division of labor According to Adam Smith, economic growth is rooted in the increasing division of labor and the specialization of the labor force by the breaking down of large jobs into many little ones. Under this regime, each worker becomes an expert in one area of production and workers do not have to switch tasks during the day. This will increase efficiency by saving time and money. Smith illustrates his theory very well with an example of the production pins. He says that an individual could not make as many pins as he or she could produce concentrating on a single operation of its manufacture. Smith tells us that there are three reasons for this:First, the individual has improved dexterity in concentrating on a single task;Second, there is a disadvantage of expanding time changing from one task to another and third, the machines used are designed in a way to perform their task quickly and efficiently for that particular function. Adam smiths division of labor theory was very useful and was introduced into the factories of the 19th century with the assembly line technology. Almost any factory in our days considers the division of labor as a key element for efficiency and for increasing productivity. In the assembly lines of car factories for example, one worker or robot is specialized in assembling the interior, another is responsible for placing the engine, and a third is specialized with the installation of the gear box. However, one should not ignore the disadvantages of this theory. Adam Smiths theory considers men as robots and expects them to do the same task for their whole life. But a worker forced to perform a repetitious task would become demotivated and his productivity will decrease. One possible solution for the problem of routine could be the rotation of tasks, where workers will have the chance to discover new fields in the process of production. After all, men are human and could not be treated as robots. Business

Talent Management for Complex Business Structure- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTalent Management for Complex Business Structure. Answer: With the ramified economic changes and complex business structure, each and every organization should be more inclined towards hiring talented staffs and employees. If organization wants to be competitive in market then it has to develop effective core competency in market to beat other rivals. This essay has shown how well organization could use its core competency to create edge in market (Joyce, 2009). Organization as competitive for the talent in future It is evaluated that talented or efficient employees in organization are the key pillar for the business success. It is considered that if company could use efficient and talented employees in its value chain activities then it will surely help organization to develop core competency in its two determined strategic plan such as cost leadership and product differentiation. These levels of strategic plan help in overcoming the sluggish market factors and increase the overall market share of company. There are several companies which have got destructed due to the less efficient staffs named GE capital, Wesfarmers, Tesco and ITC. These companies are investing its more amount of capital and preparing employees oriented policies. If organizations do not keep its efficient employees in its business then it will not only destruct the value of the organization but also decrease the market share of company at large. Talented employees or efficient staffs provides several intents such as reduc ed level of cost of production, creation of synergy, value creation of business and more effective market share for the better satisfaction of clients (Le Pape and Smith, 2007). In Lucky caf, I observed that management staff members had invested their money in training and development department. This will help organization to build effective talented employees in organization in future. Core principles that should be the basis for building a talent pipeline Economic and industry environment for the industry Employees are the key pillar and creation of core competency of organizations in market is highly dependent upon the success factor of employees in particular organization. For instance, if one employee is efficient in doing work and found a way to deliver the particular task in less time and less cost. This employee could easily increase the value of the investment by making his efforts. There are several core principles that should be undertaken for creating the effective talent pipelines (Joyce, 2010). Employees oriented policies and regulation If organization could develop employees oriented policies and frameworks then it will increase the value of the investment and will also increase the overall production level. It will increase the employee turnover and value investment in effective manner. It is evaluated that employees could be more talented if they are having high experience in particular value chain (Silzer, Church (2010). Training and development department investment for HR development It is the one of the most effective principle. It is evaluated that if organization could invest its capital in investing money or capital Training and development department investment then it will make employees more employable and increased the overall production level. The HR development will surely increase the value of the investment. It will help process system of organization to make the pool of the talented employee to make better value creation. Experience In my own experience of Job in Lucy caf, I observed that HR department of that company is very effective and use all the online and offline sources to hire talented employees. These talented employees increase the overall efficiency of business. This talent pipeline helps in overcoming the issue of management of business in case of vacancy and sudden vacation in business Organizations align talent pipelines to their talent management initiatives If company wants to align the talent pipelines to their talent management initiative then it could conduct the proper appraisal methods, conducting meeting and evaluating the performance of existing employees. This level of method will help organization to create value on the investment in determined approach (Silzer Dowell, 2010). The current experience of my job was in Lucky caf where I saw that if one person does not come at particular date then the immediate subordinate persons take care of that position and take handle all the charges and functioning in determined approach. References Joyce, L. W. (2010). Building the talent pipeline: attracting and recruiting the best and brightest.Strategy-Driven Talent Management: A Leadership Imperative. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley Sons. Joyce, L.W., 2009. Building the talent pipeline.Strategy-Driven Talent Management, p.123. Le Pape, C. and Smith, S.F., 1987.Management of Temporal Constraints for Factory Scheduling(No. CMU-RI-TR-87-13). CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA ROBOTICS INST. Silzer, R., Church, A. H. (2010). Identifying and assessing high-potential talent.Strategy-driven talent management: A leadership imperative,28, 213-280. Silzer, R., Dowell, B. E. (2010). Strategic talent management matters.Strategy-driven talent management: A leadership imperative, 3-72.

Best Advantage From the Buy-Movie-Review--Word-Essay-Sample-Cheaper

Best Advantage From the Buy-Movie-Review--Word-Essay-Sample-CheaperOf course, it is your desire to have the greatest benefit from these buy-movie-review--word-essay-sample-cheaper options available in the market. The most ideal solution for you can be a short review copy with less spending. This time, you will focus on the digital distribution services to get more advantages from these factors. For this, the most effective article-type could be the one that contains the promotional articles and the box-site.The foremost goal for the buyer's part is to deal with the press release and the articles and that you have chosen to produce. A major issue here is the addition of the information contained in the article as the best advantage in creating the same site. You also need to think about the search engine optimization-focused web page.Having the greatest benefit from the factor is the phrase of your website which will be an advantage for you to provide the true income for you and your family. The key to getting the greatest benefit from this strategy is the idea of landing on the top ten lists and that is why there are some questions for you to answer. While using this phrase, you also need to improve your writing skills so that you could improve your ability to create the most advantages from the 'buy-movie-review--word-essay-sample-cheaper'.On the other hand, you also need to get more advantages from the factor in order to provide the opportunity to the buyers. Just like you said, for this, you need to get the attention of the buyers. As well, the digital media outlets can help you get the appropriate publicity and the results that you want. In the end, the greatest advantage for the buyers is the fact that they could purchase the DVD from the sellers by just giving the order.The reviews should be able to get the attention of the buyers, so that they could pay more attention to the product or service they are getting. In this case, the online marketing team sho uld also be happy with the promotion because it is helping them to get more advantages from the product or service. Even though, the best alternative for you is the use of the promotions in order to get the attention of the buyers and they can pay more attention to the contents of the product or service.The reviews that you can produce should be able to deal with the copies that you are selling and the videos and the product. However, it will not work for the product if you are not able to get the impact. However, the key for you to get the most advantages from the factor is the method you used to get the internet consumers to give more importance to the product.Getting the best of the purchasing power could be the best thing for you to achieve the top of the leader board. But, you need to have a superior impact in order to get the best results from the factors available in the market. There are some factors that you have to consider before you choose the best techniques to get the best of the reviews that you can have.You also need to provide the best features of the product or service you are providing. The best advantage from the factor can be the words that you use for the product or service you are offering. A great advantage can be the reviews that you write for the product or service that you are providing.

Functional Level Strategy Essay Example

Functional Level Strategy Essay The Mission Mission which indicates the purpose and activities of the business, for example, The following table contrasts hard and soft mission statements. Hard| Soft| What business is/does Primary products/services Key processes amp; technologies Main customer groups Primary markets/segments Principal channels/outlets| Reason for existence Competitive advantages Unique/distinctive features Important philosophical/social issues Image, quality, style, standards Stakeholder concerns| Compare the following statements: Hard Statement| Soft Statement| X Corp. designs, develops, assembles and markets systems for data base management. These systems integrate its proprietary operating system software with hardware supplied by major manufacturers, and are sold to small, medium and large-sized companies for a range of business applications. Its systems are distinguished by a sophisticated operating system, which permits use without trained data-processing personnel. | Our mission is to enhance our customers business by providing the very highest quality products and services possible. Our customer support strategy is based upon total, no-compromise customer satisfaction and we continually strive to offer a complete package of up-to-date value added solutions to meet our customers needs. We value above all our long term customer relations. | Intels original plan,The company will engage in research, development, and manufacture and sales of integrated electronic structures to fulfill the needs of electronic systems manufacturers. This will include thin films, thick films, semiconductor devices, and We will write a custom essay sample on Functional Level Strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Functional Level Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Functional Level Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A variety of processes will be established, both at a laboratory and production level as well as the development and manufacture of special processing and test equipment required to carry out these processes. Products may include dioded transistors . Principal customers for these products are expected to be the manufacturers of advanced electronic systems .. It is anticipated that many of these customers will be located outside California. EVERY BUSINESS UNIT DEVELOPS FUNCTIONAL STRATEGIES FOR EACH MAJOR DEPARTMENT Functional-level strategy according to the text Organizational Theory, Design, and Change by Gareth R. Jones, is a plan of action to strengthen an organizations functional and organizational resources, as well as its coordination abilities, in order to create core competencies. * MARKETING STRATEGY * FINANCIAL STRATEGY * RESEARCH amp; DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY * OPERATIONS STRATEGY * PURCHASING STRATEGY * LOGISTICS STRATEGY * HUMAN RESOURCES STRATEGY * INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY STRATEGY MARKET PENETRATION STRATEGY Stay in current markets with existing products) INCREASE RATE OF PURCHASE/CONSUMPTION ATTRACT RIVAL’S CUSTOMERS BUY OUT RIVALS CONVERT NON-USERS INTO CURRENT USERS MARKET DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (Find new markets for current products) ENTER NEW GEOGRAPHICAL MARKETS FIND NEW USES FOR EXISTING PRODUCTS FIND NEW TARGET MARKETS PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (Develop new products for existing markets) IMPROVE FEATURES IMPROVE QUALITY/RELIABILITY/DURABILITY ENHANCE AESTHETICS/STYLING THE 4 â€Å"P’S† OF MARKETING * * MARKETING MIX ISSUES * Product Strategy Specifying the exact product or service to be offered * New or existing product? †¦for new or existing customers? * Promotion Strategy How the product or service is to be communicated to customers * â€Å"Push† spend $$$ on promotions and discounts to push products * â€Å"Pull† spend $ to build brand awareness so consumers will ask for it by name * Channel or â€Å"Place† Strategy FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES CAPITAL ACQUISITIONS Debt Leverage, Stock Sales, amp; Gains from Operations * Equity financing is preferred for related diversification * Debt financing is preferred for unrelated diversification * Leveraged buyouts (LBOs) make the acquired firm pay off the debt CAN WE GROW BY RELYING ON ONLY INTERNAL CASH FLOWS? DO STOCK SALES DILUTE OWNERSHIP CONTROL? DOES A LARGE DEBT RATIO CRIPPLE FUTURE GROWTH? DOES STRONG LEVERAGE BOOST EARNINGS PER SHARE? DOES HIGH DEBT DETER TAKEOVER ATTEMPTS? DO MOST LBOs UNDERPERFORM 3-4 YEARS AFTER THE BUYOUT? RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS * Dividends, Stock Price, amp; Reinvestment * Reinvest earnings in fast-growing companies * Keeping the stockholders contented with consistent dividends * Use of stock splits ( or reverses) to maintain high stock prices * Tracking stock keeps interest in company, but doesn’t allow takeover Selecting the method for distributing the product or service * Distribute through dealer networks or through mass merchandisers? * Sell directly to consumers through own stores or through internet? * Price Strategy Establishing a price for the product or service * â€Å"Skim pricing† (high) when you are a pioneer * â€Å"Penetration pricing† (low) builds market shares * â€Å"Dynamic pricing† (prices vary frequently) based on demand/availability RESEARCH amp; DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES * LEVEL OF INNOVATION * Pioneer (Leader) v. Copy Cat (Follower) * Technological leadership fits well with differentiation * A â€Å"follower† strategy makes sense with cost-leader strategies * Are we better at finding applications and customer adaptations than actually inventing something really new? Different types of R amp; D (basic, product, process) * Where is the firm’s historic expertise / advantage? * How competent are the R amp; D Personnel? * ACQUISITION OF TECHNOLOGY * Internally developed v. acquired from outside * Technology â€Å"Scouts† * Strategic Technology Alliances * Acquire minority stake in promising high-tech ventures OPERATIONS STRATEGIES * MANUFACTURING LOCATION * Internal Production v. Outsourcing * Domestic Plants v. International Locations * SYSTEM LAYOUT * Product v. Process Layouts * Job Shops v. Mass Production * Job shop/small batch production fits well with a differentiation strategy * Continuous production / dedicated transfer lines helps achieve cost leadership * Use of robots and CAD/CAM v. Labor intense manufacturing * Modular Manufacturing and just-in-time delivery of sub-assemblies * Continuous improvement systems lower costs and increase quality PURCHASING STRATEGIES * SOURCING COMPONENTS AND SUPPLIES WHERE CAN THE HIGHEST QUALITY COMPONENTS BE FOUND? * Outsourcing (our firm buys everything) Buying on the Open Market (Spot) (prices fluctuate) * Long-Term Contracts with Multiple Suppliers (low bid) * Sole Sourcing (only one supplier) improves quality * Parallel Sourcing (two suppliers) provides protection * Backward Integration (our firm has an ownership stake in the suppliers we use) * Quasi-integration (minority ownership position in a supplier) * Tapered (produce some of what we need, but not all) * Full (produce all of our own needs) * Use of Component Inventorie s v. Just-in-time supply delivery LOGISTICS STRATEGIES DO WE HAVE GOODS THAT MUST BE TRANSPORTED OR DELIVERED? * TYPE OF MATERIALS TRANSPORTED (Bulky or Compact? ) * Raw Materials, Supplies, amp; Components * Finished Goods * BEST MODE OF TRANSPORTATION * AIR * RAIL * TRUCK * BARGE HUMAN RESOURCES STRATEGIES * TALENT ACQUISITION * Recruit from Outside v. Internal Development * Require experienced, highly-skilled workers v. â€Å"we will train you† * Offer â€Å"top dollar† wages amp; benefits v. mentoring and a career * WORK ARRANGEMENTS * Individual Jobs v. Team Positions * Narrowly-defined jobs v. Positions with discretion and autonomy * On-premises Work v. Telecommuting Options MOTIVATION amp; APPRAISAL * Extrinsic v. Intrinsic Reward Systems * Assessment for development v. assessment for rewards * Incentives for ideas amp; originality v. incentives for conformity? INFORMATION SYSTEMS STRATEGIES WORKER PRODUCTIVITY amp; CONNECTIVITY * Employees can be networked together across the globe * Instant translation software for global firms * â€Å"Follow the Sun Management†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦pass projects on to the next team SALES amp; INVENTORY MANAGEMENT * Internet sales and development of customer databases * Instant sales reports allow immediate inventory reorders SHIPPING amp; TRACKING GOODS FEDEX Power Ship software†¦stores addresses, prints labels, etc. * Tracking the progress of package shipment†¦FEDEX amp; UPS The McKinsey 7S Framework Ensuring that all parts of your organization work in harmony While some models of organizational effectiveness go in and out of fashion, this continues to persist. Developed in the early 1980s by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman, who worked with McKinsey amp; Company consulting firm. The basic idea of the model is: There are seven internal aspects of an organization that need to be aligned if it is to be successful. The Seven Elements: Hard Elements| Soft Elements| StrategyStructureSystems| Shared ValuesSkillsStyleStaff| Hard elements are easier to define or identify. Management can directly influence them: These are 1. Strategy statements; 2. Organization charts, 3. Reporting lines; 4. Formal processes and 5. IT systems. Soft elements, can be more difficult to describe, less tangible and more influenced by culture. However, these soft elements are as important as the hard elements.. * Strategy: Tactics or operational actions by its nature of being premeditated. * Well thought through and often practically rehearsed. Deals with essentially three questions * 1) where the organisation is at this moment in time, 2) where the organisation wants to be in a particular length of time and 3) how to get there. Thus, strategy is designed to transform the firm from the present position to the new position described by objectives, subject to constraints of the capabilities or the potential (Ansoff, 1965). Structure: the way the organization is structured and who reports to whom. * Systems: the daily activities and procedures that staff members engage in to get the job done. * Shared Values: called superordinate goals when the model was first developed, these are the core values of the company that are evidenced in the corporate culture and the general work ethic. * Style: the style of leadership adopted. * Staff: the employees and their general capabilities. * Skills: the actual skills and competencies of the employees working for the company. 7S Checklist Questions Strategy: * What is our strategy? * How do we intend to achieve our objectives? * How do we deal with competitive pressure? * How are changes in customer demands dealt with? * How is strategy adjusted for environmental issues? Structure: * How is the company/team divided? * What is the hierarchy? * How do the various departments coordinate activities? * How do the team members organize and align themselves? * Is decision making and controlling centralized or decentralized? Is this as it should be, given what were doing? * Where are the lines of communication? Explicit and implicit? Systems: * What are the main systems that run the organization? Consider financial and HR systems as well as communications and document storage. * Where are the controls and how are they monitored and evaluated? * What internal rules and processes does the team use to keep on track? Shared Values: * What are the core values? * What is the corporate/team culture? * How strong are the values? * What are the fundamental values that the company/team was built on? Style: * How participative is the management/leadership style? * How effective is that leadership? Do employees/team members tend to be competitive or cooperative? * Are there real teams functioning within the organization or are they just nominal groups? Staff: * What positions or specializations are represented within the team? What positions need to be filled? * Are there gaps in required competencies? Skills: * What are the strongest skills represented within the company/team? * Are there any skills g aps? * What is the company/team known for doing well? * Do the current employees/team members have the ability to do the job? * How are skills monitored and assessed